8-carboxamido-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines

ABSTRACT

8-Substituted-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines of general structure I in which A is —CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —NHSO 2 CH 3 ,  
                 
 
     and Y is O, S or  
     NOH are useful as analgesics, anti-diarrheal agents, anticonvulsants, antitussives and anti-addiction medications.  
                 
 
     8-Carboxamides, thiocarboxamides, hydroxyamidines and formamides are preferred.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT application US01/45581, filed Oct. 31, 2001, and published in English on May 10, 2002, as WO 02/36573. PCT US01/45581 claimed priority of U.S. provisional application 60/244,438, filed Oct. 31, 2000. The entire disclosures of both are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to opioid receptor binding compounds containing carboxamides, formamides, thiocarboxamides and hydroxyamidines. The compounds are useful as analgesics, anesthetics, anti-diarrheal agents, anti-retroviral agents, anticonvulsants, antitussives, anti-cocaine, and anti-addiction medications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Opiates have been the subject of intense research since the isolation of morphine in 1805, and thousands of compounds having opiate or opiate-like activity have been identified. Many opioid receptor-interactive compounds including those used for producing analgesia (e.g., morphine) and those used for treating drug addiction (e.g., naltrexone and cyclazocine) in humans have limited utility due to poor oral bioavailability and a very rapid clearance rate from the body. This has been shown in many instances to be due to the presence of the 8-hydroxyl group (OH) of 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines, also known as benzomorphans [(e.g., cyclazocine and EKC (ethylketocyclazocine)] and the corresponding 3-OH group in morphinanes (e.g., morphine).

[0004] The high polarity of these hydroxyl groups retards oral absorption of the parent molecules. Furthermore, the 8-(or 3-)OH group is prone to sulfonation and glucuronidation (Phase II metabolism), both of which facilitate rapid excretion of the active compounds, leading to disadvantageously short half-lives for the active compounds. Unfortunately, the uniform experience in the art of the past seventy years has been that removal or replacement of the 8-(or 3-)OH group has lead to pharmacologically inactive compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] We have now found that the 8-(or 3-)hydroxyl group may be replaced by a number of small, polar, neutral residues, such as carboxamide, thiocarboxamide, hydroxyamidine and formamide groups. Not only do the benzomorphan, morphinan carboxamides have unexpectedly high affinity for opioid receptors, compounds containing these groups in place of OH are far less susceptible to Phase II metabolism and are generally more orally bioavailable. The compounds of the invention are therefore useful as analgesics, anesthetics, anti-pruritics, anti-diarrheal agents, anticonvulsants, antitussives, anorexics and as treatments for hyperalgesia, drug addiction, respiratory depression, dyskinesia, pain (including neuropathic pain), irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drug addiction, as used herein, includes alcohol and nicotine addiction. There is evidence in the literature that the compounds may also be useful as anti-retroviral agents, immunosuppressants and antiinflammatories and for reducing ischemic damage (and cardioprotection), for improving learning and memory, and for treating urinary incontinence.

[0006] In one aspect, the invention relates to 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-8-carboxamides and 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-8-carboxylate esters of formula:

[0007] wherein

[0008] A is chosen from —CH₂-Z, —CN, —NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

[0009] Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷;

[0010] Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH;

[0011] Z is chosen from OH, SH, CN and NH₂;

[0012] R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸;

[0013] R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen or taken together R² and R^(2a) are ═O;

[0014] R³ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, benzyl and hydroxyalkyl;

[0015] R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl;

[0016] R⁵ is lower alkyl;

[0017] R⁶ is lower alkyl;

[0018] R⁷ is chosen from hydrogen and hydroxy; or

[0019] together R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution;

[0020] R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵;

[0021] R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino;

[0022] R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and

[0023] R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl;

[0024] with the provisos that, (1) when R² and R^(2a) are hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R⁴ is hydroxy, and together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form two rings substituted with a spirodioxolane, A cannot be —COOCH₃ or NHSO₂CH₃; (2) when R² and R^(2a) are hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R⁴ is hydroxy, and together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form the ring system of oxymorphone and naltrexone, A cannot be NHSO₂CH₃; (3) when R², R^(2a), R⁴ and R⁷ are hydrogen, R³ is cyclopropyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are methyl, A cannot be —NHC(O)H. The explicit provisos exclude oxymorphone and naltrexone-3-sulfonamides, which were disclosed as having no activity in vitro or in vivo [McCurdy et al. Org. Lett. 2, 819-821 (2000)]; and cyclazocine formamide, which was disclosed as an intermediate in a synthesis in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,957,793; 4,032,529 and 4,205,171. Additionally, when A is —CN, R⁷ must be hydroxyl. When R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form from one to three rings, it is preferred that none of the rings formed by R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ is aryl or heteroaryl.

[0025] Subclasses of the foregoing structure include:

[0026] II. 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines of the structure shown above, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ do not form additional rings;

[0027] III. morphinans in which R⁵ and R⁶ form one ring:

[0028] IV. morphinans in which R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form two rings:

[0029] and

[0030] V. morphinans wherein R⁴ and R¹¹ form an additional sixth ring, which may be saturated or unsaturated (but not fully aromatic):

[0031] In addition to the major subclasses, there are compounds such as

[0032] which the person of skill recognizes as closely related to the major subclasses, but which defy easy description in a common Markush structure.

[0033] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor when a first compound that interacts with an opioid receptor is known. When the first compound contains a phenolic hydroxyl, the method comprises converting the phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group described as the variable A above.

[0034] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for decreasing the rate of metabolism of a compound that interacts at an opioid receptor. When the first compound contains a phenolic hydroxyl, the method comprises converting the phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group described as the variable A above.

[0035] In another aspect, the invention relates to methods for inhibiting, eliciting or enhancing responses mediated by an opioid receptor comprising:

[0036] (a) providing a first compound that inhibits, elicits or enhances an opioid receptor response;

[0037] (b) preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor by converting a phenolic hydroxyl group on the first compound to a residue described as A above; and

[0038] (c) bringing the second compound into contact with the opioid receptor.

[0039] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for treating a disease by altering a response mediated by an opioid receptor. The method comprises bringing into contact with the opioid receptor a compound having the formula

[0040] wherein B represents the appropriate residue of a known compound of formula

[0041] and the known compound of that formula alters a response mediated by an opioid receptor.

[0042] In another aspect, the invention relates to processes for converting opioid-binding phenols or phenols on a benzomorphan or morphinan to a carboxamide. The carboxamide conversion processes comprise either:

[0043] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert it to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}),

[0044] (b) reacting that group with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and

[0045] (c) hydrolyzing the nitrile to a carboxamide; or:

[0046] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert the phenol to a triflate,

[0047] (b) reacting the triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide; or

[0048] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert the phenol to a triflate;

[0049] (b) reacting the triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and

[0050] (c) hydrolyzing the silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.

[0051] Similar processes convert phenols to amidines and thioamides by reacting the foregoing nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine or reacting the foregoing carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent to produce a thioamide. For the purpose of the invention an “opioid-binding phenol” is one that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0052] From many years of SAR studies, it is known that the hydroxyl of morphinans and benzomorphans interacts with a specific site in the opiate receptor. Previous exploration of the tolerance of this site for functional groups other than phenolic hydroxyls has almost uniformly resulted in the complete or near-complete loss of opioid binding. We have now surprisingly found that the hydroxyl can be replaced with one of several bioisosteres. Although a fairly wide range of primary and secondary carboxamides, as well as carboxylates, aminomethyl, hydroxymethyl and even dihydroimidazolyl exhibit binding in the desired range below 25 nanomolar, optimal activity is observed with a carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, hydroxyamidino or formamido group.

[0053] Since the hydroxyl functionality of benzomorphans and morphinans can be chemically converted to an amide by a simple, flexible and convenient route described below, and since thiocarboxamido, hydroxyamidino and formamido compounds are also easily synthesized as described below, the door is opened to improving the bioavailability of virtually any of the known and new therapeutic agents that rely on opioid binding for their activity. Moreover, since the receptor seems to tolerate some variation beyond the α-carbon of A, one may contemplate further modulating receptor specificity, affinity and tissue distribution by varying the properties of the alkyl or aryl substituents on A. Preferred residues A are —COOCH₃, —COOEt, —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CONHBn, —CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, CH₂OH, —COC₆H₅, -C(═NOH)C₆H₅, —NHCHO, —NHCHS and —NHSO₂CH₃. When R⁷ is hydroxyl, A may also be —CN. Most preferred are —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(═NOH)NH₂, and —NHCHO.

[0054] It is known in the art that compounds that are μ, δ and κ agonists exhibit analgesic activity; compounds that are selective μ agonists exhibit anti-diarrheal activity and are useful in treating dyskinesia; μ antagonists and κ agonists are useful in treating heroin, cocaine, alcohol and nicotine addiction; κ agonists are also anti-pruritic agents and are useful in treating hyperalgesia. Recently it has been found [Peterson et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61, 1141-1151 (2001)] that κ agonists are also useful in treating retroviral infections. In general, the dextrorotatory isomers of morphinans of type III above are useful as antitussives and anticonvulsants. Additional diseases and conditions for which opioid agonists and antagonists are known to be useful include irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal motility disorder, obesity and respiratory depression. Certain opioids (e.g. fentanyl and derivatives) are useful as anesthetics, i.e. they alter the state of consciousness.

[0055] Opioid receptor ligands having known high affinity are shown in the following charts 1 and 2. Replacement of OH in these compounds produces compounds that exhibit similar activity and better bioavailability. CHART 1 Opiold Receptor Ligands Benzomorphinans (a.k.a. 2,6-Methano-3-benzazocines)

Cyclazocine, R₃ = CH₂-c-C₃H₅ Metazocine, R₃ = CH₃ Phenazocine, R₃ = CH₂C₆H₅ SKF 10,047, R₃ = CH₂CH═CH₂ Pentazocine, R₃ = CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂ (all racemic)

Ketocyclazocine

Ethylketocyclazocine (EKC)

MR2034 - “Merz” core structure (opt. active)

MR2266

Bremazocine

WIN 44,441

[0056] CHART 2 Opioid Receptor Ligands Morphine and Morphinans

Morphine

Naltrexone; R₁₇ = CH₂-c-C₃H₅ Naloxone, R₁₇ = CH₂CH═CH₂ Nalmexone, R₁₇ = CH₂CH═C(CH₃)₂ Oxymorphone; R₁₇ = CH₃

Buprenorphine

Diprenorphine Etorphine (N-Me; n-Pr vs Me)

Nalorphine

Naltrindole

Nalbuphine

β-Naltrexamine

Nalmefene

β-FNA

β-CNA

SIOM (δ agonist)

nor-BNI (Norbinaltorphimine) REG # = 105618-26-6

Levorphanol; R₁₇ = CH₃ Cyclorphan; R₁₇ = CH₂-c-C₃H₅ MCL 101; R₁₇ = CH2-c-C₄H₇ Butorphanol; R₁₇ = CH₂-c-C₄H₇ and 14-OH Merz-morphinane hybrid core; R₁₇ = CH₂-(S)-tetrahydrofurfuryl

Dextromethorphan; R = CH₃ Dextrorphan; R = H (note “opposite” sterochemistry)

[0057] CHART 3 Miscellaneous Opioid Receptor Ligands

Registry Number 21653 1-48-5

Registry Number 155836-52-5

Registry number 361444-66-8

R = CH₃; Registry Number: 69926-34-7 R = CH₂CH₂CH(OH)C₆H₁₁; Registry Number: 119193-09-8 R = CH₂CH(CH₂Ph)CONHCH₂CO₂H; Registry Number: 156130-44-8 R = (CH₂)₃CH(CH₃)₂; Registry Number: 151022-07-0 R = (CH₂)₃-2-thienyl; Registry Number: 149710-80-5

Meptazinol Registry Number 59263-76-2

Ketobemidone Registry Number 469-79-4

Registry number 177284-71-8

Registry number 189263-70-5

Registry number 173398-79-3

Registry number 189016-07-7

Registry number 189015-08-5

[0058] Other opioid receptor ligands are described in Aldrich, J. V. “Analgesics” in Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, M. E. Wolff ed., John Wiley & Sons 1996, pages 321-44, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0059] We have examined the opioid receptor binding of a series of analogs of known compounds that interact at opioid receptors in which the OH is replaced by the R-group shown in Tables 1-4. The standards are shown in Table 5. The affinities of the compounds of the invention were determined in guinea pig brain cells by the method described in Wentland et al. Biorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 9. 183-187 (2000). Alternatively, where noted, the affinities of the compounds of the invention were determined in cloned human receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells by the method described by Xu et al [Synapse 39, 64-69 (2001)]. CHO cell membranes, expressing the human μ, δ, or κ opioid receptor, were incubated with 12 different concentrations of the compounds in the presence of receptor-specific radioligands at 25° C., in a final volume of 1 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. Nonspecific binding was determined using 1 μM naloxone. Data are the mean value ± S.E.M from three experiments, performed in triplicate. TABLE 1 Cyclazocine subseries

[³H] [³H] [³H] DAMGO Naltrindole U69,593 example A = (μ) (δ) (κ)  1 CN 540 ± 50  2700 ± 1400 71 ± 13  2 COOH ‘58 ± 1.8 320 ± 14    31 ± 0.87  3 CO₂CH₃   45 ± 0.92  59 ± 2.1  2.0 ± 0.21  4 CONH₂ 0.41 ± 0.07  8.3 ± 0.49 0.53 ± 0.06  4 CONH₂ 0.32 ± 0.04 NT 0.60 ± 0.04  4 CONH₂ · HCl 0.34 ± 0.01  4.9 ± 0.80 0.42 ± 0.02  4a (−)CONH₂ 0.17 ± 0.04 2.6 ± 0.6 0.28 ± 0.01  4b (+)CONH₂  63 ± 5.4 570 ± 50   67 ± 1.6  5 C(═S)NH₂ 0.22 ± 0.02  4.0 ± 0.48 0.67 ± 0.01  6 CONHOH   12 ± 0.32 210 ± 40   6.9 ± 0.61  7 CONHNH₂  60 ± 9.3 450 ± 62   19 ± 1.4  8 CONHCH₃  24 ± 1.6  63 ± 4.1  2.6 ± 0.19  9 CONHCH₂C₆H₅  20 ± 2.2 140 ± 18   78 ± 7.6 10 CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄)  19 ± 1.5 150 ± 17  110 ± 3.1  11 CONHCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂  26 ± 2.9 350 ± 51  44 ± 11 12 CONH(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ 370 ± 54  3000 ± 230  310 ± 64  13 2-(4,5-H₂-imidazolyl  23 ± 1.9  55 ± 5.1   11 ± 0.69 14 C(═NOH)NH₂  3.8 ± 0.42   16 ± 0.67 0.90 ± 0.15 15 CH₂NH₂  31 ± 5.4 390 ± 47   17 ± 2.9 16 CH₂OH  21 ± 2.0 210 ± 29   7.6 ± 0.80 17 COC₆H₅   33 ± 0.90 490 ± 43   19 ± 2.6 18 C(═NOH)C₆H₅  86 ± 3.8 180 ± 15   7.2 ± 0.40 38 CH₂CN  3.3 ± 1.5^(a) 2000 ± 685^(a)    2.9 ± 0.36^(a) 39 CH(N═OH)   ± 1.8^(a) 140 ± 15^(a)  0.73 ± 0.03^(a) 19 NHCHO 1.9 ± 0.14 37 ± 3.9 0.85 ± 0.080 19a (−)NHCHO  1.1 ± 0.04  9.8 ± 0.28  0.49 ± 0.012 19b (+)NHCHO 2300 ± 180  >10,000 900 ± 8.7  20 NHCHS 0.76 ± 0.09   16 ± 0.30 0.63 ± 0.15 21 NHSO₂CH₃  15 ± 1.2 780 ± 170  21 ± 1.5 36 NHCONH₂   20 ± 0.66 90 ± 12  15 ± 1.4 37 NHCSNH₂   10 ± 1.7^(a)  440 ± 72^(a)   4.0 ± 0.54^(a)

[0060] TABLE 2 Keto subseries:

[³H]DAMGO [³H]Naltrindole [³H]U69,593 example A = (μ) (δ) (κ) 22 CN (KC) 680 ± 61  3400 ± 410    59 ± 0.77 23 CONH₂(KC)  1.4 ± 0.07  20 ± 2.3  1.8 ± 0.10 24 CONH₂(EKC)  1.2 ± 0.12  9.8 ± 0.50 0.70 ± 0.08 40 NHCHO >6.1 ♯ 0.83  52 ± 3.4  1.2 ± 0.11 (EKC)

[0061] TABLE 3 Merz subseries

[³H]DAMGO [³H]Naltrindole [³H]U69,593 example A = (μ) (δ) (κ) 25 (−)-(2″S)-8-OH 0.19 ± 0.01  3.6 ± 0.40 0.09 ± 0.01 26 (−)-(2″S)-8-CONH₂ 0.052 ± 0.013  2.0 ± 0.15 0.089 ± 0.004 27 (−)-(2″R)-8-OH  4.0 ± 0.54  67 ± 4.3  1.5 ± 0.07 28 (−)-(2″R)-8-CONH₂  2.9 ± 0.17   34 ± 0.10  2.8 ± 0.24 29 (−)-(2″S)-8-CH₂NH₂  28 ± 2.3 300 ± 27   18 ± 1.9

[0062] TABLE 4 Other Series

Morphine core

Naltrexone core

Naltrindole core

Buprenorphine core

Nalbuphine core

Butorphanol core

43 (a 4-hydroxymorphinan) [³ DAMGO [³H]Naltrindole [³H]U69,593 example A = (μ) (δ) (κ) 30 CONH₂ (morphine)   34 ± 1.8 1900 ± 81  2000 ± 97  31 CONHCH₃ (morphine)  440 ± 9.2  >10,000 >10,000 32 CONH₂ (naltrexone)  1.9 ± 0.21  110 ± 8.1   22 ± 0.85 33 CO₂Et (naltrexone)   24 ± 1.7  970 ± 155  16 ± 0.70 41 (−) NHCHO (naltrexone)  4.1 ± 0.40^(a)  280 ± 7.6^(a)   2.3 ± 0.044^(a) 34 CONH₂ (naltrindole)   47 ± 2.7  0.33 ± 0.04  99 ± 7.9 35 CONH₂ (buprenorphine)  2.3 ± 0.29   7.3 ± 0.61   4.3 ± 0.05 42 CONH₂ (nalbuphine)  3.8 ± 0.62^(a)  150 ± 82^(a)  0.46 ± 0.04^(a) 43 CN (7-OH) 0.35 ± 0.092^(a)  82 ± 24^(a)   2.6 ± 0.21^(a) 44 CONH₂ (butorphanol) 0.15 ± 0.019^(a)  14 ± 2.1^(a) ^( 0.39 ± 0.057) ^(a)

[0063] TABLE 5 Standards [³H]DAMGO [³H]Naltrindole [³H]U69,593 (μ) (δ) (κ) (±)-Cyclazocine 0.32 ± 0.02   1.1 ± 0.04  0.18 ± 0.020 (±)-Cyclazocine 0.16 ± 0.01^(a)   2.0 ± 0.22^(a)  0.07 ± 0.01^(a) (+)-Cyclazocine  360 ± 16 1100 ± 63   76 ± 8.2 (−)-Cyclazocine 0.01 ± 0.03  0.58 ± 0.06 0.052 ± 0.009 (±)-EKC 0.78 ± 0.10   3.4 ± 0.41  0.62 ± 0.11 (±)-ketocyclazocine  3.3 ± 0.66  20 ± 2.7  1.0 ± 0.24 (±)-ketocyclazocine  1.7 ± 0.21^(a)  130 ± 14^(a)  1.0 ± 0.019^(a) naltrexone (3-OH) 0.17 ± 0.03  11 ± 1.1  0.31 ± 0.03 naltrindole (3-OH)   13 ± 1.1  0.13 ± 0.02  4.6 ± 0.23 buprenorphine 0.98 ± 0.11  0.72 ± 0.10  0.90 ± 0.11 nalbuphine  1.6 ± 0.37^(a)  580 ± 80^(a)  3.0 ± 0.63^(a) butorphanol 0.12 ± 0.058^(a)  12 ± 3.8^(a)  0.22 ± 0.023^(a)

[0064] Example 4 was tested several times independently to confirm the K_(i)'s. Inspection of the results in Table 1 indicates not only that affinity is preserved in the compounds of the invention, but also that receptor selectivity can be modulated.

[0065] Antinociceptive activity is evaluated by the method described in Jiang et al. [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264, 1021-1027 (1993), page 1022]. Compound 4 was found to exhibit an ED₅₀ of 0.21 nmol in the mouse acetic acid writhing test when administered i.c.v. Its “parent” cyclazocine exhibited an ED₅₀ of 2.9 nmol i.c.v. The time courses in producing antinociception in the mouse writhing test were compared for compound 4 and cyclazocine. Mice were injected with 1.0 mg/kg of either compound 4 or cyclazocine, given by i.p. administration. An increase in the duration of action from ca. 2 hr to 15 hr was observed for compound 4 compared to cyclazocine.

Definitions

[0066] Throughout this specification the terms and substituents retain their definitions.

[0067] Alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl, cyclobutyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C₂₀ or below Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl and the like.

[0068] Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.

[0069] Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Heteroaryl refers to any maximally unsaturated heterocycle. The aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene and the 5- to 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.

[0070] Arylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like

[0071] Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Heteroaryls form a subset of heterocycles. Examples of heterocycles that fall within the scope of the invention include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.

[0072] Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl refer to alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy, carboxamido, cyano, carbonyl, —NO₂, —NR¹R²; alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryloxy, or substituted phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, or heteroaryloxy.

[0073] Virtually all of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)— or (S)—. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. In general it has been found that the levo isomer of morphinans and benzomorphans is the more potent antinociceptive agent, while the dextro isomer may be useful as an antitussive or antispasmodic agent. Optically active (R)— and (S)— isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

[0074] Abbreviations

[0075] The following abbreviations and terms have the indicated meanings throughout: Ac = acetyl BNB = 4-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid Boc = t-butyloxy carbonyl Bu = butyl c- = cyclo DAMGO = Tyr-ala-Gly-NMePhe-NHCH₂OH DBU = diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene DCM = dichloromethane = methylene chloride = CH₂Cl₂ DEAD = diethyl azodicarboxylate DIC = diisopropylcarbodiimide DIEA = N,N-diisopropylethyl amine DMAP = 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide DPPF = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene DVB = 1,4-divinylbenzene EEDQ = 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline Fmoc = 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl GC = gas chromatography HATU = O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOAc = acetic acid HOBt = hydroxybenzotriazole Me = methyl mesyl = methanesulfonyl MTBE = methyl t-butyl ether NMO = N-methylmorpholine oxide PEG = polyethylene glycol Ph = phenyl PhOH = phenol PfP = pentafluorophenol PPTS = pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate PyBroP = bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate rt = room temperature sat'd = saturated s- = secondary t- = tertiary TBDMS = t-butyldimethylsilyl TFA = trifluoroacetic acid THF = tetrahydrofuran TMOF = trimethyl orthoformate TMS = trimethylsilyl tosyl = p-toluenesulfonyl Trt = triphenylmethyl U69,593 =

[0076] In the general processes described below, the preferred reagent to convert a phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) is trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride, which is usually employed in the presence of base. Other reagents are known to persons of skill in the art to convert phenols to groups that may be displaced by cyanide anion. The advantage of the trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride procedure is that it allows displacement under conditions that are mild enough to avoid destruction of the rest of the molecule for most species of interest. Other reagents are operable, but require more robust substrates than may be of interest in a particular case. The consideration of which to use is within the skill of the artisan. A preferred Pd(0) catalyst for use in the displacement with zinc cyanide is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. In the direct displacements with carbon monoxide and ammonia or an ammonia equivalent, the preferred Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)₂ or PdCl₂ and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene. Other Pd(0) ligands include DPPF, DPPP, triphenylphosphine, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, BINAP and xantphos. The preferred pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagents for converting carboxamides to thiocarboxamides are Lawesson's reagent and phosphorus pentasulfide.

[0077] It may happen that residues in the substrate of interest require protection and deprotection during the conversion of the phenol to the desired bioisostere. Terminology related to “protecting”, “deprotecting” and “protected” functionalities occurs throughout this application. Such terminology is well understood by persons of skill in the art and is used in the context of processes which involve sequential treatment with a series of reagents. In that context, a protecting group refers to a group which is used to mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is undesirable. The protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality. The removal or “deprotection” occurs after the completion of the reaction or reactions in which the functionality would interfere. Thus, when a sequence of reagents is specified, as it is in the processes of the invention, the person of ordinary skill can readily envision those groups that would be suitable as “protecting groups”. Suitable groups for that purpose are discussed in standard textbooks in the field of chemistry, such as Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis by T. W. Greene [John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991], which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0078] The compounds of the invention are synthesized by one of the routes described below:

Chemical Syntheses

[0079] Proton NMR [Varian Unity-500 (500 MHz) NMR] data, direct insertion probe (DIP) chemical ionization mass spectra (Shimadzu GC-17A GC-MS mass spectrometer), and infrared spectra (Perkin-Elmer Paragon 1000 FT-IR spectrophotometer) were consistent with the assigned structures of all test compounds and intermediates. ¹H NMR multiplicity data are denoted by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), and br (broad). Coupling constants are in hertz. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analyses for all novel targets were performed by Quantitative Technologies Inc., Whitehouse, N.J., and were within ±0.4% of theoretical values except as noted; the presence of water was conformed by proton NMR. Melting points were determined on a Meltemp capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Optical rotation data were obtained from a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. Reactions were generally performed under a N₂ atmosphere. Amines used in the Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and racemic-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binapthyl (BINAP) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company and used as received unless otherwise indicated. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) [Pd₂(dba)₃], Pd(OAc)₂1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (DPPF), were purchased from Strem Chemicals, Incorporated. Toluene and Et₂O were distilled from sodium metal. THY was distilled from sodium/benzophenone ketyl. Pyridine was distilled from KOH. Methylene chloride was distilled from CaH₂. DMF and DMSO were distilled from CaH₂ under reduced pressure. Methanol was dried over 3 Å molecular sieves prior to use. Silica gel (Bodman Industries, ICN SiliTech 2-63 D 60A, 230-400 Mesh) was used for flash column chromatography.

[0080] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1]. The triflate [36]of cyclazocine [35] (470 mg, 1.166 mmol), obtained by the method of Wentland et al. [Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 9,183-187 (2000)], was dissolved in 20 mL DMF and Zn(CN)₂ (272.6 mg, 2.322 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (53.9 mg, 0.0466 mmol) were added. After heating in 120° C. for 2 h, the reaction was allowed to stir at 25° C. overnight. A mixture of EtOAc and NaHCO₃ solution was then added. The organic phase was washed with brine and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to dryness. Flash column chromatography gave 1 as a colorless oil (260 mg, 80%). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) d 7.52 (b,1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.29 (m, 1H), 0.85 (m, 1H), 0.82 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.10 (m, 2H). IR (film) 2961, 2918, 2225 cm⁻¹. CI-MS, m/z (relative intensity) 281 (M+1, 100%). Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₂₄N₂.0.125H₂O: C 80.78, H 8.59, N 9.92. Found: C 80.75, H 8.63, N 9.89.

[0081] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [4]. Compound 1 (80 mg, 0.286 mmol) was dissolved in about 1 mL t-butyl alcohol. KOH (58.8 mg, 1.05 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for about 20 min and the solvent was evaporated and CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH and NaCl solution were added. The organic phase was washed with brine and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to dryness to give 4 as white foam (80 mg, 95%). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) d 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 1H), 0.84 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.54 (m, 2H), 0.16 (m, 2H). ¹³C-NMR(500 MHz, CD₃OD) d 172.71, 143.32, 142.34, 133.01, 128.61, 126.61, 126.18, 60.67, 58.09, 46.92, 42.74, 42.38, 37.69, 25.92, 25.07, 14.62, 9.67, 4.64, 4.52. IR (film) 1654.2 cm⁻¹. CI-MS, m/z (relative intensity) 299 (M+1, 100%). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₆N₂O.0.25H₂O: C 75.37, H 8.76, N 9.26. Found: C 75.27, H 9.02, N 9.03.

[0082] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [1] (alternate procedure). A flask containing triflate 36 (100 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (10.2 mg), and 1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene(DPPF, 25 mg) was purged with argon. The argon was replaced with gaseous CO and the reaction vessel was closed to the atmosphere. Dry DMSO (1.25 mL) was added via syringe and gaseous ammonia was added to the resulting mixture via a canula. A balloon was used to keep the additional volume contained. The mixture was stirred for 17 h at 70° C. followed by cooling to 25° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and the product was extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic extracts was washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and dried (Na₂SO₄). Concentration of the solvent in vacuo gave 90 mg of a crude product. This material was purified via flash chromatography (25-:1:0.1—CH₂Cl₂.MeOH:conc NH₄OH) to provide 47 mg (65.3%) of compound 4.

[0083] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester [3]. A modification of a known procedure (Cacchi, S.; Ciattini, P. G.; Morera, E.; Ortar, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 3931-3934) was used in this preparation. Under an argon atmosphere, triethylamine (0.30 mL, 2.15 mmol) was added to a mixture of the 8-triflate ester of cyclazocine [36] (0.403 g, 1.0 mmol), palladium acetate (0.0068 g, 0.03 mmol), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.00166 g, 0.03 mmol) and methanol (1 mL, 22.2 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). The solution was purged with carbon monoxide for 15 min and stirred under a CO balloon at 70° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture was taken up in 20 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and water. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give crude product as a brown oil. Chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:NH₄OH (conc)/40:1:0.1 provided the desired compound 3 (0.235 g, 86.6%) as a colorless oil: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.93 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J₁=1.7 Hz, J₂=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J₁=7.3 Hz, J₂=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (dd, J₁=6.6 Hz, J₂=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.33 (m, 1H), 0.86 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) ν_(max) 2916, 1720, 1270 cm⁻¹; MS (CI) m/z 314 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calc. for C₂₀H₂₇NO₂: C, 76.64; H, 8.68; N, 4.47. Found: C, 76.37; H, 8.93; N, 4.38.

[0084] (±)-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-methanol [16]. Under a blanket of N₂ at 0° C., (±)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester [3] (0.1062 g, 0.34 mmol), LiAlH₄ powder (0.0258 g, 0.68 mmol) and dry TBF (0.77 mL) were placed in a one-neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and stir bar. The ice/water bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at reflux for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. and quenched by adding water dropwise until effervescence ceased. The mixture was then treated with 10% H₂SO₄ and stirred at 25° C. for 3 hours. The mixture then was extracted with diethyl ether (2×) and the organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/10:1 as eluent to provide the desired product [16] (0 0557 g, 57%) as a light yellow oil: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.24 (d, J=17 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=21.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 6H), 1.34 (m, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 0.50 (m, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₂₇NO: C, 79.95; H, 9.53; N, 4.91. Found: C, 79.70; H, 9.50; N, 4.68.

[0085] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-N-hydroxy-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamidine [14]. A modification of a known procedure (Jendralla, H.; Seuring, B.; Herchen, J.; Kulitzscher, B.; Wunner, J. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 12047-12068) was used in this preparation. A mixture of (±)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1] (0.230 g, 0.82 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.100 g, 1.44 mmol) and triethylamine (0.30 mL, 2.15 mmol) in 1 mL of absolute ethanol was stirred at reflux under an argon atmosphere for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was taken up in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give crude product. Flash column chromatography using CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:NH₄OH (conc)/25:1:0.1 provided the desired compound 14 (0.216 g, 84%) as a white foam: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 6 9.48 (br s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.94 (d, J=18.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.48 (dd, J₁=6.3 Hz, J₂=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (dd, J₁=6.6 Hz, J₂=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (m, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.34 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (m, 1H), 0.84 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.12 (m, 2H); IR (film) ν_(max) 3365, 2921, 1634, 1577 cm⁻¹; MS (CI) m/z 314 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₂₇N₃O: C, 72.81; H, 8.68; N, 13.47. Found: C, 72.96; H, 8.67; N, 13.18.

[0086] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-thiocarboxamide [5]. A modification of a known procedure (Varma R. S.; Kumar, D. Organic Lett. 1999, 1, 697-700) was used in this preparation. A mixture of (±)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [4] (0.0298 g, 0.1 mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (0.0320 g, 0.08 mmol) in 1 mL of toluene was sealed in a glass tube under an argon atmosphere. The glass tube was put in a microwave oven and irradiated for 7 min. Additional Lawesson's reagent (0.0160 g, 0.04 mmol) was added and the reactants was allowed to be irradiated for additional 7 min. The reaction mixture was taken up in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give crude product. Chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:NH₄OH (conc)/40:1:0.1 the provided desired compound 5 (0.022 g, 70.1%) as a yellow crystalline solid: mp 171-173° C.; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 6 7.78 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (brs, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J₁=1.9 Hz, J₂=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (brs, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 2.95 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.46 (dd, J₁=6.1 Hz, J2=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (dd, J₁=6.3 Hz, J₂=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (m, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.34 (m, 1H), 0.85 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0 51 (m, 2H), 0 10 (m, 2H); IR (film) ν_(max) 3172, 2920, 1617, 1424 cm⁻¹; MS (CI) m/z 315 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₂₆N₂S.0.75 H₂O: C, 69.58; H, 8.45; N, 8.54.

[0087] Found: C, 69.54; H, 8.15; N, 8.26.

[0088] (±)-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-methylamine [15]. (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1] (0.154 g, 0.55 mmol) was dissolved in Et₂O (1.1 mL) to obtain a 0.5 M solution. This solution was added dropwise via syringe to a vigorously stirred solution of 1.0 M LiAlH₄ in Et₂O (1.1 mL, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 10 min, water was added dropwise to quench the reaction. The resulting solution was then extracted with EtOAc several times and the combined EtOAc layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:Et₃N/10:1:0.2) to yield the desired product 15 (0.105 g, 67%) as a brown oil: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.16 (s, 1H), 7.04 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 3.16 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 5H), 1.39 (m, 4H), 0.85 (m, 4H), 0.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) ν_(max) 3075, 2962, 2917, 2814, 1574, 1499, 1462, 1428, 1380, 1333, 1218, 1101, 1075, 1018, 963 cm⁻¹; Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₂₈N₂0.5H₂O: C, 77.77; H, 9.96; N, 9.54. Found: C, 78.18; H, 10.17;N, 9.39.

[0089] (±)-N-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-formamide [19]. A modification of a known procedure (Chakrabarty, M.; Khasnobis, S.; Harigaya, Y.; Kinda, Y. Synthetic Comm. 2000, 30, 187-200.) was used in this preparation. (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-amine [37] (0.091 g, 0.337 mmol) was treated with 96% formic acid (20 mL) and was heated at 100° C. for 14 h. The solution was then poured onto crushed ice and basified with solid NaHCO₃. The organic material was extracted into EtOAc (3×) and the extracts were washed with water and dried (Na₂SO₄). After concentration in vacuo, the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:NH₄OH/10:1:0.05) to yield the desired product 19 as a brown oil (0.065 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.62 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 0.5H, CHO of one rotomer), 8.34 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 0.5H, CHO of other rotomer), 8.17 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 0.5H, NH of one rotomer), 7.57 (br s, 0.55H, NH of other rotomer), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 6.89 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 3H), 1.32 (m, 4H), 0.85 (m, 4H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) ν_(max) 3265, 2963, 2922, 1694, 1682, 1614, 1538, 1503, 1462, 1402, 1380, 1311, 1218, 1100, 1074, 1020, 964, 888, 808 cm⁻¹; MS (CI) m/z 299 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calc. for C19H₂₆N₂O.0.125H₂O: C, 75.90; H, 8.88; N, 9.32. Found: C, 76.00; H, 8.95; N, 9.13.

[0090] The remaining compounds of Table 1 were prepared in similar fashion, except Example 8, which was made by the CO/palladium route, but with a slight variation using 2.0 M CH₃NH₂ in THF, rather than gaseous CH₃NH₂, and DMF rather than DMSO; mp=155-156° C.; 25.6% yield. 24—[the (±)-8-CONH₂ analogue of ethylketocyclazocine (R² and R^(2a)═O; R⁶═Et)] was made by the nitrile hydrolysis route, mp=194-196° C.; Step 1—89.1%, Step 2—81.4%. 23—[the (±)-8-CONH₂ analogue of ketocyclazocine (R² and R^(2a)═O; R⁶=Me)] was made by the nitrile hydrolysis route, mp=206-207° C.; Step 1—99.7%, Step 2—94.2%. It was also made by the CO/Pd route in 34 7% yield

[0091] In general, the chemistry described above works in the presence of the variety of functional groups found on known core structures. The exceptions would be morphine and congeners having a free 6-OH, which can be protected by a TBDPS (t-butyldiphenylsilyl) group [see Wentland et al J. Med. Chem. 43, 3558-3565 (2000)].

[0092] The compound identified as Example 43 in table 4 was prepared by treating the nitrile of nalbuphine with an excess of potassium hydroxide in t-butanol as described for example 4 above. Hydrolysis of the nitrile appears to have proceeded more slowly than elimination and ring opening.

[0093] Although this invention is susceptible to embodiment in many different forms, preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown. It should be understood, however, that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of this invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. It may be found upon examination that certain members of the claimed genus are not patentable to the inventors in this application. In this event, subsequent exclusions of species from the compass of applicants' claims are to be considered artifacts of patent prosecution and not reflective of the inventors' concept or description of their invention; the invention encompasses all of the members of the genus (I) that are not already in the possession of the public. 

1. A compound of formula:

wherein A is chosen from —CH₂—Z, —CN,

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH, CN and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy and —NHR⁸, R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen or taken together R² and R^(2a) are ═O; R³ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, benzyl and hydroxyalkyl; R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl; R⁵ is lower alkyl; R⁶ is lower alkyl; R⁷ is chosen from hydrogen and hydroxy; or together R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl; with the provisos that, (1) when R² and R^(2a) are hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R⁴ is hydroxy, and together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form two rings substituted with a spirodioxolane, A cannot be —COOCH₃ or NHSO₂CH₃, (2) when R² and R^(2a) are hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R⁴ is hydroxy, and together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form the ring system of oxymorphone and naltrexone, A cannot be NHSO₂CH₃; (3) when R², R^(2a), R⁴ and R⁷ are hydrogen, R³ is cyclopropyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are methyl, A cannot be —NHC(O)H and (4) when A is —CN, R⁷ must be hydroxyl
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein A is chosen from the group consisting of: —COOCH₃, —COOEt, —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CONHBn, —CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, CH₂OH, —COC₆H₅, —CN, —C(═NOH)C₆H₅, —NHCHO and —NHCHS.
 3. A compound of formula:

wherein A is chosen from —CH₂-Z, —CN, —NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH, CN and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸; R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen or taken together R² and R^(2a) are ═O; R³ is chosen from lower alkyl, alkenyl, benzyl, heterocyclyl and hydroxyalkyl; R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, amino, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl; R⁵ is lower alkyl; R⁶ is lower alkyl; R⁷ is chosen from hydrogen and hydroxy; or together R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl; with the provisos that, when R², R^(2a), R⁴ and R⁷ are hydrogen, R³ is cyclopropyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are methyl, A cannot be —NHC(O)H and when A is —CN, R⁷ must be hydroxyl.
 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein A is chosen from the group consisting of: —COOCH₃, —COOEt, —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CONHBn, —CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, CH₂OH, —COC₆H₅, —CN, —C(═NOH)C₆H₅, —NHCHO, —NHCHS and —NHSO₂CH₃.
 5. A 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein: R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl; R⁵ is lower alkyl; R⁶ is lower alkyl; and R⁷ is hydrogen or hydroxy.
 6. A 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine according to claim 5 wherein: R³ is chosen from hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl, vinyl, dimethylvinyl, hydroxycyclopropyl, furanyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl; R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen and 3-oxo-5-cyclopentyl-1-pentanyl; R⁵ is methyl; and R⁶ is methyl or ethyl.
 7. A morphinan according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein together R⁵ and R⁶ form one ring and R⁷ is hydrogen, said morphinan having the structure:


8. A morphinan according to claim 7 wherein R¹ and R^(2a) are hydrogen; R³ is chosen from hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, vinyl and tetrahydrofuranyl; and R⁴ is hydrogen, hydroxy or amino.
 9. A morphinan according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form two rings, said morphinan having the structure:

wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, hydroxy, amino or lower alkoxy; R⁹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R¹⁰ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl and hydroxy(lower alkyl); or together, R⁹ and R¹⁰ form a spiro-fused carbocycle of 5 to 10 carbons; R¹¹ is hydrogen; R¹² is chosen from hydroxy, lower alkoxy and —NR¹³R¹⁴; or together, R¹¹ and R¹² form a carbonyl or a vinyl substituent; or together, R⁴ and R¹¹ form a sixth ring.
 10. A morphinan according to claim 9, wherein R⁴ and R¹¹ form a sixth ring, of formula


11. A morphinan according to claim 10 wherein R⁹ is hydrogen; R¹⁰ is hydroxy(lower alkyl); and R¹² is lower alkoxy.
 12. A morphinan according to claim 9, wherein R¹¹ and R¹² form a carbonyl substituent, of formula:


13. A morphinan according to claim 12 wherein R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen, R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amino and lower alkoxy; and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both hydrogen or together, R⁹ and R¹⁰ form a spiro-fused carbocycle of 5 to 10 carbons
 14. A morphinan according to claim 13 wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both hydrogen.
 15. A morphinan according to claim 13, wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ form a spiro-fused carbocycle, of formula:


16. A morphinan according to claim 9, wherein R¹¹ and R¹² form a vinyl substituent, of formula:


17. A morphinan according to claim 16 wherein R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen; R⁴ is hydroxy; and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both hydrogen.
 18. A morphinan according to claim 9, wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen and R¹² is —NR¹³R¹⁴, of formula:


19. A morphinan according to claim 9 wherein R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen; R⁴ is hydroxy; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are both hydrogen; and R¹² is chosen from: —NH₂, —N(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂, and —NHC(O)CH═CHCOOCH₃
 20. A morphinan according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein together R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ form two rings, said morphinan having the structure:


21. A morphinan according to claim 9, wherein R⁴ and R¹¹ form a sixth ring, of formula

wherein R⁹ is hydrogen; R¹⁰ is hydroxy(lower alkyl); and R¹² is lower alkoxy.
 22. A compound of formula:

wherein A is chosen from —CH₂-Z, —NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl.
 23. A method for preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor when a first compound that interacts with an opioid receptor is known, said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl, said method comprising converting said phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group consisting of —COOCH₃, —COOEt, —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CONHBn, —CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, CH₂OH, —COC₆H₅, —C(═NOH)C₆H₅, —NHCHO, —NHCHS and —NHSO₂CH₃, with the provisos that said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl cannot be (a) cyclazocine converted to —NHCHO; (b) naltrexone or oxymorphone converted to —NHSO₂CH₃; (c) levo-methylmorphinan converted to levo-(methylmorphinan-3-yl)phenylmethanone; and (d) dextro N-benzylnormetazocine converted to dextro N-[1-benzyl-6,11-dimethylbenzomorphan-8-yl] methanesulfonamide.
 24. A method according to claim 23 wherein said phenolic hydroxyl is converted to a carboxamide, a formamide, a hydroxyamidine or a thioamide.
 25. A method according to claim 23 wherein said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl is chosen from the group consisting of:

and compounds with registry numbers 216531-48-5, 155836-52-5, 361444-66-8, 119193-09-8, 156130-44-8, 151022-07-0, 149710-80-5, 59263-76-2, 469-79-4, 177284-71-8, 189263-70-5, 173398-79-3, 189016-07-7, 69926-34-7 and 189015-08-5. wherein R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen or taken together R² and R^(2a) are ═O; R³ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, benzyl and hydroxyalkyl; R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amine, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl; R⁵ is lower alkyl; R⁶ is lower alkyl; and R⁷ is hydrogen; or together R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution.
 26. A method for decreasing the rate of metabolism of a compound that interacts at an opioid receptor, said compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl, said method comprising converting said phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group consisting of —COOCH₃, —COOEt, —CONH₂, —C(═S)NH₂, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH₂, —CONHCH₃, —CONHBn, —CONHCH₂(4-MeOC₆H₄), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂OH, —COC₆H₅, —C(═NOH)C₆H₅, —NHCHO, —NHCHS and —NHSO₂CH₃, with the proviso that said compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl cannot be: (a) cyclazocine converted to —NHCHO; (b) naltrexone or oxymorphone converted to —NHSO₂CH₃; (c) levo-methylmorphinan converted to levo-(methylmorphinan-3-yl)phenylmethanone; and (d) dextro N-benzylnormetazocine converted to dextro N-[1-benzyl-6,11-dimethylbenzomorphan-8-yl] methanesulfonamide.
 27. A method for decreasing the rate of metabolism of a compound that interacts at an opioid receptor, said compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl, said method comprising converting said phenolic hydroxyl to a carboxamide, a formamide, a hydroxyamidine or a thioamide.
 28. A method according to claim 26 or 27 wherein said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl is chosen from the group consisting of:

and compounds with registry numbers 216531-48-5, 155836-52-5, 361444-66-8, 119193-09-8, 156130-44-8, 151022-07-0, 149710-80-5, 59263-76-2, 469-79-4, 177284-71-8, 189263-70-5, 173398-79-3, 189016-07-7, 69926-34-7 and 189015-08-5 wherein R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen or taken together R² and R^(2a) are ═O; R³ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, benzyl and hydroxyalkyl; R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amine, lower alkoxy, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and C₁-C₂₀ alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl; R⁵ is lower alkyl; R⁶ is lower alkyl; and R⁷ is hydrogen; or together R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution.
 29. A method for inhibiting a response mediated by an opioid receptor comprising: (a) providing a first compound that inhibits an opioid receptor response, said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl group; (b) preparing a second compound that inhibits an opioid receptor response by converting said phenolic hydroxyl group to a residue chosen from —CH₂-Z, NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; and R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl; and (c) bringing said second compound into contact with said opioid receptor, with the proviso that said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl cannot be: (a) cyclazocine converted to —NHCHO; (b) naltrexone or oxymorphone converted to —NHSO₂CH₃; (c) levo-methylmorphinan converted to levo-(methylmorphinan-3-yl)phenylmethanone; or (d) dextro N-benzylnormetazocine converted to dextro N-[1-benzyl-6,11-dimethylbenzomorphan-8-yl] methane sulfonamide.
 30. A method according to claim 29 wherein said phenolic hydroxyl group is converted to a carboxamide, a thioamide or a formamide.
 31. A method for eliciting or enhancing a response mediated by an opioid receptor comprising: (a) providing a first compound that elicits or enhances an opioid receptor response, said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl group; (b) preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor by converting said phenolic hydroxyl group to a residue chosen from —CH₂-Z, —NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl; (c) bringing said second compound into contact with said opioid receptor, with the proviso that said first compound containing a phenolic hydroxyl cannot be: (a) cyclazocine converted to —NHCHO; (b) naltrexone or oxymorphone converted to —NHSO₂CH₃; (c) levo-methylmorphinan converted to levo-(methylmorphinan-3-yl)phenylmethanone; or (d) dextro N-benzylnormetazocine converted to dextro N-[1-benzyl-6,11-dimethylbenzomorphan-8-yl] methanesulfonamide.
 32. A method for altering a state of consciousness or treating a disease or condition by altering a response mediated by an opioid receptor comprising bringing into contact with said opioid receptor a compound having the formula

wherein A is chosen from —CH₂-Z, —NHSO₂-(loweralkyl),

Q is chosen from O, S and NR¹⁷; Y is chosen from O, S, NR¹⁷ and NOH; Z is chosen from OH, SH and NH₂; R¹ is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR⁸; R⁸ is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂ and —CH₂R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and NH₂; and R¹⁷ is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl; and B represents an appropriate residue such that a known compound

alters a response mediated by said opioid receptor with the proviso that said known compound cannot be: (a) cyclazocine converted to —NHCHO; (b) naltrexone or oxymorphone converted to —NHSO₂CH₃; (c) levo-methylmorphinan converted to levo-(methylmorphinan-3-yl)phenylmethanone; or (d) dextro N-benzylnormetazocine converted to dextro N-[1-benzyl-6,11-dimethylbenzomorphan-8-yl] methanesulfonamide.
 33. A method according to claim 31 wherein said disease or condition is chosen from the group consisting of pain, pruritis, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal motility disorder, obesity, respiratory depression, convulsions, coughing, hyperalgesia and drug addiction.
 34. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide.
 35. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.
 36. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a hydroxyamidine comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 10 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) reacting said nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine.
 37. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a thiocarboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 10 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide; and (d) reacting said carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent.
 38. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide.
 39. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising reacting said phenol with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a benzomorphan or morphinane carboxamide.
 40. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a hydroxyamidine comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) reacting said nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine.
 41. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a thiocarboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}); (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide; and (d) reacting said carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent.
 42. A process according to any of claims 34, 36, 37, 38, 40 or 41 wherein said reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN^({circle over (−)}) is trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride in the presence of base.
 43. A process according to any of claims 34, 36, 37, 38, 40 or 41 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium.
 44. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.
 45. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and (c) hydrolyzing said silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.
 46. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate, (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.
 47. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and (c) hydrolyzing said silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.
 48. A process according to any of claims 44 to 47 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)₂ or PdCl₂ and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene.
 49. A method for treating reteroviral infection comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 50. A process according to claim 49 wherein said compound according to claim 1 exhibits a K_(i) less than 20 nM at a κ-opioid site. 